Adaptive sorting algorithms for evaluation of automatic zoning

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) involves analysis of machine-printed and hand written document images. The first step in an OCR process is to locate the text to be recognized on a page. An OCR device tries to identify the characters in these text regions and outputs the characters in ASCII. To evaluate the performance of any OCR device, the ASCII output of the OCR device is compared with the ground truth text which is entered into the computer manually; Some OCR devices provide the users with automatic zoning. The output of any automatic zoning algorithm has to be corrected manually to restore the correct reading order. This is done by elementary edit operations such as insertions, deletions and substitutions or by moving sub-strings of characters. The efficiency of an automatic zoning algorithm is measured by the cost of correcting the OCR generated text. The model for cost calculation requires movement of sub-strings in a particular fashion to ensure minimal cost. This problem has been modeled as sorting an arbitrary permutation. This thesis presents few adaptive sorting approaches which can be incorporated into the automatic zoning evaluation algorithm. These algorithms perform better than the existing algorithms used for this purpose. This thesis also presents more directions in which the problem can be pursued to achieve better performance

Cytokinin induced shoot regeneration and flowering of Scoparia dulcis L.(Scrophulariaceae)-an ethnomedicinal herb

Objective: To develop an improved protocol for micropropagation of ethnomedicinally important Scoparia dulcis (S. dulcis) L. Methods: Explants were inoculated on MS basal medium supplemented with kinetin and 6-benzylaminopurine for shoot bud induction. To enhance the shoot induction, various auxins like 3-indoleacetic acid or 3-indolebutyric acid or α-naphthylacetic acid were tested along with 2.32 μM KI and 4.44 μM BAP. The regenerated shoots were rooted in half strength MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of IAA, IBA or NAA. After roots were developed, the plantlets were transplanted to pots filled with vermiculate and sand and kept in growth chamber with 70%-80% humidity under 16 h photoperiod. After acclimatization, the plantlets were transferred to the garden and survival percentage was calculated. Data were statistically analyzed and means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test (P < 0.05). Results: An in vitro method was developed to induce high frequency shoots regeneration from stem, mature leaf and young leaf explants of S. dulcis. Shoot induction on young leaf explants was most successful in MS medium supplemented with combination of two cytokinins (2.32 μM KI and 4.44 μM BAP) 2.85 μM IAA, 10% CM and 1 483.79 μM adenine sulfate. A single young leaf explant was capable of producing 59 shoots after 13 days of culture. Flower was induced in medium supplemented with combination of KI and BAP. Conclusions: Cytokinins are the key factor to induce the direct shoot regeneration and flowering of S. dulcis

Corrosion Inhibition by -Phthalic Acid -Zn 2+ System

ABSTRACT The inhibition effect of Phthalic acid(PA) -Zn 2+ system controls the corrosion of carbon steel has been studied by weight -loss method. The weight -loss study reveals that the formulation consisting of 60 ppm of Zn 2+ , 50 ppm of phthalic acid has 82 % inhibition efficiency. Synergistic effect exists between phthalic acid-Zn 2+ system. The influence of N-cetyl-N, N, N-trimethylammonium bromide(CTAB) on the PA-Zn 2+ system control the microbial corrosion. The value of the separation factor, RL indicated the phthalic acid-Zn 2+ system was favorable adsorption. The Adsorption equilibrium exhibited better fit to Langmuir isotherm than Freundlich isotherm. The protective film consists of Fe 2+ -Phthalic acid and Zn(OH) 2 by FTIR spectroscopy

Post pancreaticoduodenectomy haemorrhage: outcome prediction based on new ISGPS Clinical severity grading

Objective & background data. Mortality following pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) has fallen below 5%, yet morbidity remains between 30 and 50%. Major haemorrhage following PD makes a significant contribution to this ongoing morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was to validate the new International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) Clinical grading system in predicting the outcome of post pancreaticoduodenectomy haemorrhage (PPH). Material and methods. Between January 1998 and December 2007 a total of 458 patients who underwent Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy in our department were analysed with regard to haemorrhagic complications. The onset, location and severity of haemorrhage were classified according to the new criteria developed by an ISGPS. Risk factors for haemorrhage, management and outcome were analysed. Results. Severe PPH occurred in 14 patients (3.1%). Early haemorrhage (<24 hours) was recorded in five (36%) patients, and late haemorrhage (>24 hours) in nine (64%) patients. As per Clinical grading of ISGPS 7 (50%) belongs to Grade C and 7 (50%) belongs to Grade B. Haemostasis was attempted by surgery in 10 (71%) patients; angioembolisation was successful in two (14%) and endotherapy in one (7%) patient. The overall mortality is 29%(n=4). Age >60 years (p=0.02), sentinel bleeding (p=0.04), pancreatic leak (p=0.04) and ISGPS Clinical grade C (p=0.02) were associated with increased mortality. Conclusion. Early haemorrhage was mostly managed surgically with better outcome when endoscopy is not feasible. Late haemorrhage is associated with high mortality due to pancreatic leak and sepsis. ISGPS Clinical grading of PPH is useful in predicting the outcome